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JamesM.CoxJr.CenterforInternationalMassCommunicationTrainingandResearch   GradyCollegeofJournalism&MassCommunication   UniversityofGeorgia   Athens,GA30602 z  U.S.A. f    `  oY;+'b2>; `|@E^--o(#(#K(# (#(#        (#(#PreparedfortheworkshoponMeasuringPressFreedomandDemocracy:Methodologies,Uses b andImpact,_Annenberg_ԀSchoolforCommunication,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia, N  November5,2007. :! Biography #b   L  M  L  M  <( 4 <DLX<L  M  L  M  .XXXXTudor_Vlad_Ԁ(Ph.D.,Babes_Bolyai_ԀUniversity,_Cluj_Ԅ_Napoca_,Romania)isAssistantDirectorofthe $: ! JamesM.CoxJr.CenterforInternationalMassCommunicationTrainingandResearchinthe %&!" GradyCollegeofJournalism&MassCommunicationattheUniversityofGeorgia.Heworked &"# asajournalistfor20yearsandcreatedandchairedajournalismprograminRomaniaafterthe '"$ fallofcommunism.Hehaswrittenonvariousformsofjournalismeducationandtraining,on (#% challengesoftransitionofmediaandjournalismeducationinemergingdemocracies,andonthe )$& journalismandmasscommunicationlabormarket.HepublishedsixbooksinRomaniaandco r*%' edited#XXX.X!#L  M  .XXXXC#XXX.X #L  M  .XXXXo#XXX.Xj #L  M  .XXXXpyrightandConsequences#XXX.X #L  M  .XXXX,publishedbyHamptonPress. ^+&(   #XXX.X2 #  6-(* @>@8XXdd8  L  M  L  M  <( 4 <DLX<L  M  L  M  .XXXX X#XXX.X #L  M  L  M  L  M  1XXXXMorethan100organizationsthroughouttheworldwereengagedin2004insomeformof  mediasystemassessmentandevaluationormediafreedompromotion.Manyofthesewere t newlyformedinresponsetorecentdemocratizationinL  M  EastandCentralEuropeandformer L  SovietUnioncountriesL  M  andredemocratizationinLatinAmerica.Thegroupsdescribedtheir $ t missionsvariouslyaspromotingfreeandindependentmediathroughactivism,monitoringmedia  L  freedomviolations,evaluatingmediasystemsthroughindicesandwrittenreports,anddefending $  andprotectingjournalistsworkinginconflictzonesandunderrepressivegovernments.    XL  M  L  M    Theorganizationshaveappliedratherthanconceptualgoalsfortheirwork.Theyare   interestedinmediareformoftenbecausetheybelieveitplaysaroleinthedevelopmentof \ democraticstates.Theirworkisoftendescribedandcitedinthepopularmedia,givingweightto 4 their_operationalizations_Ԁ!andconsequentconceptualizations"ofmediafreedom.Wereviewed  \ inmoredetailtheworkof14organizationsinvolvedinmediaevaluation.The14organizations 4 wereallglobalorregionalinscope,allowingforcountrybycountrycomparisonsoftheir   findingsandconclusions.Theirreportswerecharacterizedbycomprehensiveness,methodical  research,andparticularexpertiseintheareastheycover,oftenderivingfromtheorganizations l longevity,theexperienceandknowledgeoftheirstaffs,andtheiruseofvaried,incountry D! sources.L  M  L  M  Oneofthenotableaspectsoftheexistingindiceswasthattheyareheavilyoriented #l! towardapplication.Littleefforthasbeenmadetodefinethetheoreticalconceptsbeingused. $D # Mostly,onemustguessaboutwhatitisthattheorganizationisactuallytryingtomeasure. &"%   Theempiricalanalysisofthenumeralratingsofthreeoftheseorganizations!Freedom (#' House,_IREX_,andReporterssans_frontieres_Ԁ!showedthattheylargelycometothesame |*%) conclusionsaboutthecharacteristicsofmediaindifferentcountries.Theusefulnessofany  amalgamationoftheFreedomHousemeasurewiththatof_RSF_,L  M  _IREX_L  M  Ԁorotherorganizations,is  itsmatchtothetheoreticalconceptsofinterestandtoothersystemicvariables,suchasthe ` evolutionofacivilsocietyandkeydemocraticinstitutions. 8    L  M  L  M  Mediafreedomoftenisviewedasintrinsicallyimportantandisseenbymanyasrelated  ` todevelopmentofdemocraticinstitutionsandacivilsociety.Intheviewofsome,mediareform  8  isneededformediafreedom,andmediafreedomisanecessaryconditionfordemocratization.   L  M  L  M    L  M  Becauseoftheimportanceofmediafreedom,westerngovernmentsandprivate_funders_   haveinvestedheavilyintrainingofmediaworkersandinmediareforminordertobringitabout.L  M   p L  M  Ina2005reporttotheKnightFoundation,weidentifiedL  M  L  M  70organizationsin25donorcountries H outsidetheUnitedStatesthatwereinvolvedinfundingmediaassistanceproject.Donorswere  p unitsofgovernmentsinsinglecountries,_nongovernmental_Ԁorganizations,includingfoundations, H andmultinationalorganizations.L  M  ԀL  M  Basedonthemostrecentyearforwhichreportingorganizations   provideddataonmediaassistance,$0.75billionwasbeingspenteachyearonmediaassistance  projectsbydonorsfromoutsidetheUnitedStates.L  M  ԀByaddingtheU.S.spendingestimates  providedbyL  M  TheMediaMissionariesL  M  Ԁ(2004),tL  M  heactuallevelofspendingformediaassistanceis X  likelytobeintheneighborhoodof$1billionannually.L  M   0"    L  M  L  M  Duringtheearlystagesofthisproject,effortshadbeenmadetoidentifyallorganizations $X" inthese26countriesinvolvedinsomephaseofmediaassistance,eitherasaL  M  _funder_L  M  Ԁofthese %0!$ projectsorasL  M  providerL  M  Ԁofsomeformofassistance,suchastraining,supportformedia '#& organizations,orassistanceinthedevelopmentoflawinsupportofoperationofindependent )$( media.L  M  CEUS.,Ԁ(Forthelatter,weadoptedthedefinitionusedinUS.,CE.,#L  M  CEUS.,ԀMonroePricesUS.,CE.,7$L  M  CEUS.,ԀUS.,CE.,$L  M  CEUS.,MappingMedia h+&* AssistanceUS.,CE.,$L  M  CEUS.,ԀUS.,CE.,<%L  M  CEUS.,rUS.,CE.,}%L  M  CEUS.,_eport_Ԁ(2002).)US.,CE.,%L  M  L  M  Astheprojectevolved,workfocusedmostheavilyonthefunding  organizationsinthe25donorcountriesotherthantheUnitedStates,consistentwiththeproject  goal.L  M  Ԁ `     Creatingadatabasewiththeimplementersorprovidersofmediaassistancearoundthe 8  worldwouldbeachallengingbutnotimpossiblemission.Suchadatabasewouldcontain  ` whererecordsareavailable!thetypesofprogramsthatwereimplementedandevaluationsofthe  8  programsimpact.Ourresearchhasrevealedthewiderangeofmediaassistanceprogramsthat   havebeenconductedsince1989andthelimitedattemptstoevaluatetheseinitiatives.What   evaluationhasbeendonehasfocusedonindividualprograms,ratherthanontheoverall p consequencesofinvestment.Inmostofthecases,theimplementerandtheevaluatorwerethe H sameorganization.Thelackofcoordinationamongmediaassistanceprogramshasled!  p especiallyinEastandCentralEuropeinthemidninetiestoasituationwheresimilarjournalism H trainingprojectswereconductedinthesameregionatthesametime,soitisalmostimpossible   toassesstheimpactofanindividualprogram.    Thedatabaseforthe_funders_Ԁprojecthasbeendesignedsothatitcanbeexpanded.When  themediaassistanceorganizationsandthetypesofprogramsareadded,thatwillallowforan X  examinationnotonlyoftherelationshipbetweeninvestmentandoutcome,butoftherelationship 0"  betweentypeofinvestmentandoutcome. $X"     Theoutcomeofinterestispressfreedomandrelatedconcepts.Sinceanumberof %0!$ indicatorsofmediafreedom,media_sustainability_,civilsociety,levelofdemocratization, '#& economicdevelopmentandthelikealreadyexist,itL  M  also L  M  Ԁwillbepossibletoexaminethelinkage )$( betweenmediainvestmentandthesecharacteristicsaswell. h+&*     Theconsequenceofthiscoordinationandintegrationofexistingandongoingassessment  willbeevaluativeresearchforthefieldofmediadevelopmenttoparallelandcomplementthe  assessmentinthegeneralfieldofdemocracypromotion.Theoverallgoalofthisworkisto ` inform_funders_,governmentorganizationsandscholarsaboutempiricallinksbetweenmedia 8  assistance,pressfreedomanddemocratizationthatwillguideinvestment,policyandinquiry.L  M    `   References   Hume,E.(2004).Themediamissionaries:Americansupportofjournalismexcellenceandpress   freedomaroundtheglobe.Miami:TheJohnS.AndJamesL.KnightFoundation.   Price,M.,_Noll_,B.D.,DeLuce,D.(2002).Mappingmediaassistance.Unpublisheddocument, \ The_Programme_ԀinComparativeMediaLawandPolicy,UniversityofOxford,UK. H #XXX1X #d2